Karaṇa

A karaṇa is half a tithi, the time the Moon takes to gain 6° on the Sun, so a lunar month holds sixty. There are eleven: four fixed (sthira) karaṇas, Śakuni, Catuṣpada, Nāga and Kiṃstughna, which occur once a month around new moon, and seven movable (cara) ones, Bava, Bālava, Kaulava, Taitila, Gara, Vaṇija and Viṣṭi, which repeat eight times. Viṣṭi is also called Bhadrā.